前綴 super- (sur-,supr-,sop-,sopr-,sove-) = over,above
前綴super-來(lái)自拉丁介副詞super，意為“over",還有“over,above,beyond,than,more,excessively”的含義。前綴sur-,supr-,sop-,sopr-,sove-是super-的變化型。super- 既可以作為原生前綴存在拉丁借詞中，也可以作為派生前綴跟名詞、形容詞及動(dòng)詞相綴合，構(gòu)成許多常用詞，與super結(jié)合的單詞，多是拉丁借詞，本族語(yǔ)詞較少。這些派生詞都是17世紀(jì)出現(xiàn)的的，此外，在構(gòu)詞過(guò)程，派生前綴super- 一般不改變?cè)~基單詞的詞性。
詞源：word-forming element meaning "above, over, beyond," from Latin super-, from adverb and preposition super "above, over, on the top (of), beyond, besides, in addition to," from *(s)uper-, variant form of PIE *uper "over" (cf. Sanskrit upari, Avestan upairi "over, above, beyond," Greek hyper, Old English ofer "over," Gothic ufaro "over, across," Gaulish ver-, Old Irish for), comparative of root *upo "under" (see sub-). In English words from Old French, it appears as sur-. The primary sense seems to have shifted over time from usually meaning "beyond" to usually meaning "very much," which can be contradictory. E.g. supersexual, which is attested from 1895 as "transcending sexuality," from 1968 as "very sexual."
下面重點(diǎn)看一下前綴super- 的主要意思“over”。
1．越過(guò)…，比…多，變得更加…
surmount, insuperable
2．在…的上面，在上面
supercilious, superficial
3．超過(guò)，剩下，多余地，過(guò)多地
surplus，surfeit
4．從上到下，顛倒，跌倒
supersede, surveillance, supervene
5．關(guān)于…，整個(gè)，全部，逐一地，從開(kāi)始到結(jié)束，完全地，重復(fù)，再一次，結(jié)束
surmise
另外，前綴super- 還有以下幾種主要變形。
1．sur
surmountable, survival
2．supr
supreme
3．sopr
soprano
此外，前綴super- 還有一些同義前綴，也有“在上面，越過(guò)，超越”的含義。
1．epi, 2.hyper, 3.over, 4.
以下介紹與詞綴super-與詞根構(gòu)成的有代表性的常單詞。學(xué)完后您可以通過(guò)
1.supersede [super( =over) +sed( =sit)在上面坐]
vt. take the place of; put or use someone or something in the place of 取代；更替
supersession 取而代之；更替
舉例： Model AE-400 supersedes Model AE-200.
模型 AE-400 取代 AE-2000
2.surplus [sur<super( =over) +plu( =more)數(shù)量上超過(guò)、剩余很多]
n. amount that remains after needs have been supplied; excess of receipts over
expenditure 過(guò)剩，殘余，剩余；剩余額
adj. exceeding what is needed or used 過(guò)剩的，剩余的
舉例： We have a surplus of uniforms in size XL.
我們剩有一套XL號(hào)的制服。
3.surmount [sur<super( =over) +mount（=hill, mountain, rise）越過(guò)山坡]
vt. overcome dffficulties or obstacles; have on or over the top 克服（困難、障礙）,越過(guò),翻越；放、擱在…上
surmountable可以克服的 insurmountable無(wú)法克服的
舉例： The typical hero of a romance novel surmounts difficulty and triumphs.
浪漫愛(ài)情小說(shuō)里的典型主人公總是能夠克服困難取得勝利。
4.insuperable [in( =not) +super( =over)無(wú)法越過(guò)某物的]
adj. insurmountable; that cannot be overcome 無(wú)法克服的；不可逾越的
舉例： Today a lack of education is a virtually insuperable impediment.
今天，缺乏教育實(shí)際上是難以克服的障礙因素。
5.supercilious [super( =above) +cili( =eyelid)向上提眉毛的]
adj. showing contemptuous indifference 傲慢的，輕視別人的，自大的
舉例： His supercilious manner is quite off-putting.
他傲慢的態(tài)度真是令人厭惡。
詞根:
sed(sit)
sedative 鎮(zhèn)靜劑；使鎮(zhèn)靜的 ;sedentary 坐著的;sediment 沉淀物；沉淀
plural 復(fù)數(shù)（的）；pluralism 多元論;plurality 多數(shù)
mount(=hill,mountain)
mountaineer 登山家；mountain 山；(pl.) 山脈;remount 重上（馬、自行車(chē)）；替換乘坐的馬 *re(=again)
cili(=eyelid)
cilia 睫毛；纖毛，緣毛 ciliate 有睫毛的：纖毛蟲(chóng)
superciliary 眼睛上方的；眉毛的 *super( =above)
6.superficial [super（=above,over）+fic( =make,do)使登到上邊]
adj. of or on the surface only; not thorough or profound 表面的，外表的；膚淺的，沒(méi)有深度的，淺薄的
superficiality 表面性；膚淺，淺薄
舉例：I got a C-minus. The teacher said my essay was superficial.
我得了C老師說(shuō)我的論文太膚淺。
7. surfeit [sur<super( =over, excessive) +feit( =do, make)使過(guò)度]
n. too much of anything, especially food and drink 過(guò)多，過(guò)食，過(guò)飲，膩煩
v. (cause to) take too much of anything （使）喝過(guò)多，（使）吃太多．（使）膩煩
舉例： There's a surfeit of great recipes on the Internet. 網(wǎng)上的食譜多得讓人膩煩。
8.surmise [sur<super( =over) +mis( =send)關(guān)于、對(duì)于某事派送]
vt. conjecture 推測(cè)，猜想
n. guess 推測(cè)，猜想
舉例： The Republicans in this district aren't as conservative as you might surmise.
這個(gè)地區(qū)的共和黨人不像你想的那樣保守。